Required: Lab Experiment: Titration (Lab Report)

Follow the format:

• Purpose
• Background of the Experiment
• Requirements/Materials
• Preparation
• Steps for titration of HCl:
• Results
• Conclusion

Introduction

Sieve analysis is a method used to determine the grain size distribution of a soil by passing it through a series of sieves. This method is applicable for soils that are mostly granular with some or no fines. The particle size analysis for the fines portion is done using the hydrometer analysis method. The data from the sieve analysis are used to characterize the soil and can be used to reject or accept material for specific engineering applications. Sieve analysis does not provide information about the shape of the particles.

Table 1 – Soil quantity as per ASTM D1140

Objective

• Understand the grain size distribution analysis of soils.
  § Classify the coarse-grained portion of the soil
  § Obtain a distribution of the fine-grained portion of a soil.

Apparatus (Refer to Figure 1)
1. Stack of sieves.
2. Mechanical shaker.
3. Balance. The balance has to be sensitive up to 0.1 g. 4. Mortar and a rubber-tipped pestle.

5. Brush.

Procedure

1. Prepare the soil sample. The approximate minimum mass of sample is defined according to the nominal diameter of the largest particles of the soil (refer to Table 1).
2. Take the sample by spooning it randomly. Collect the sample by braking the soil sample into individual particles using a mortar and a rubber-tipped pestle.
3. Determine the mass M of the sample accurately to 0.1 g.
4. Assemble a stack of sieves (Figure 2, a). A sieve with larger openings is placed above a sieve

with smaller openings. Place a pan under the smallest sieve.

1. Place the set of sieves on a mechanical shaker.
2. Pour the soil sample prepared in step 2 into the stack of sieves from the top.
3. Cover the top of the stack of sieves.
4. Run the mechanical shaker for 10 minutes.
5. Stop the mechanical shaker and remove the stack of sieves.
6. Weigh the amount of soil retained on each sieve and in the bottom pan.
7. If a considerable amount of soil with silty and clayey fractions is retained on the No. 200 sieve, it

has to be washed. Washing is done by taking the No. 200 sieve with the soil retained on it and pouring water through the sieve from a tap in the laboratory. When the water passing through the sieve is clean, stop the flow of water. Transfer the soil retained on the sieve at the end of washing to a porcelain evaporating dish by back washing. Put it in the oven to dry to a constant weight. Determine the mass of the dry soil retained on the No. 200 sieve. The difference between this mass and that retained on the No. 200 sieve determined in step 10 is the mass of the soil that has washed through.

Calculations

1. Calculate the percent of soil retained on the n-th sieve,

(Mass retained, Mn) / (total mass, M [step 3]) × 100 = Rn

1. Calculate the cumulative percent of soil retained on the n-th sieve, ΣRn
2. Calculate the cumulative percent passing through the n-th sieve, Percent finer = 100 – ΣRn
3. If soil retained on the No. 200 sieve is washed, the dry unit weight determined after washing (step 11) should be used to calculate the percent finer than No. 200 sieve. The weight lost due to washing should also be added to the weight of the soil retained on the pan.
4. Make a semi-log plot of percent finer versus log of particle diameter (Figure 2, b).

6. Compute the coefficient of uniformity, Cu, and the coefficient of gradation, Cc. Cu = D60 / D10

Cc = D230 / (D10 × D60)

Where, D60 is the particle size in millimeter corresponding to 60% passing; D30 is the particle size in millimeter corresponding to 30% passing; D10 is the particle size in millimeter corresponding to 10% passing. The values can be obtained using the plot, see Figure 1 for reference.

Note: the mass loss during sieve analysis has to be smaller than 2%.

References

Das, M. “Soil Mechanics Laboratoyr Manual.” 2009 Oxford Press, NY, Seventh edition.

Objectives 
• To utilize acid-base and redox titrations to quantitate the amount of citric acid and
Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) in a powdered drink mix packet.
• To understand how stoichiometry allows for quantitation of an unknown quantity via
titration
• To learn to perform accurate and precise titrations
Introduction
Powdered drink mixes such as Kool-aid® consist primarily of citric acid which gives the drink
its characteristic tart flavor that balances the sweetness from the added sugar. In addition to citric
acid, the mix contains food dyes, preservatives such as calcium phosphate, artificial and natural
flavors, and Vitamin C. Vitamin C is also known as ascorbic acid. The ratio of citric acid to
ascorbic acid is approximately 100:1. In this experiment, titration techniques will be used to
quantitate the amounts of citric acid and ascorbic acid in a packet of powdered drink mix.

Instructions 

Read the attachments 

1. Introduction 
The objective of this document is to introduce the learning outcomes for ‘Specific Heat Capacity
Measurement and Calibration’ laboratory exercise and to provide guidance for the required
laboratory work and report.
The heat capacity is a physical quantity that can be measured as the ratio of the heat
added/removed from an object to an object’s temperature change caused by the energy change.
In industry, the heat capacity is one of the key components in design and optimisation of every
process and technology for materials physical or chemical treatment. The SI unit of heat capacity
is joule per Kelvin, [J K-1
]. Heat capacity is an extensive property of materials as it is a function of
the size of a sample. In practical calculation, for majority of experimental and theoretical
purposes, the use of the intensive properties is more convenient. Similarly, the SI unit of energy is
the joule, J [(kg m2
)/s2
]. In medical science, energy unit is calories. A calorie is defined as the
amount of energy required to increase the temperature of one gram of water by 1°C.
This gives 1 calorie equals to 4.184 joules.
When expressing the heat capacity as an intensive property, the physical quantity is divided by the
amount of substance, mass, or volume, which makes the quantity independent of the size of the
sample. The molar heat capacity is the heat capacity per unit amount (mole) of a pure substance
and the specific heat capacity (Cp), known as specific heat, is the heat capacity per unit mass of a
matter. The SI unit of specific heat capacity is [kJ/(kg K)]. Cp is generally a temperature dependant
function. However within a good approximation it can be taken as a constant over a moderate
temperature range for a pure single phase materials. The Cp has been measured and tabulated for
the wide range of liquids and solids. These tables are widely available online and in the specialised
book in the University Library [Domalski, E.S. (1984), Furukawa, G.T. (1968), Jiang, Q. W. (2011)].
Calorimetry can be characterised as the analytical technique aims to measure the quantities of
heat released or absorbed by a system during, as example, a chemical reaction.
The amount of heat that flows in or out of a system depends on:
 the quantity of matter in the system,
 the nature of that matter,
 a system temperature change as it absorbs or releases heat.
Calorimetry is performed with a device called calorimeter that provides good heat insulation of
internal volume from its surroundings and a possibility to measure an internal volume
temperature changes in order to determine specific heats of a material located in the internal
volume.

Specific heat determination (calorimetry) approach was developed with account of the
thermodynamic laws.
The Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics states that, “If two samples at different temperatures
(indicated as THot and TCool) are placed in direct physical contact, heat will be lost by the hotter
sample THot and gained by the cooler one TCool. This heat exchange will continue until the moment
of both samples achieved the same final temperature, TFinal”.
On the other hand, the First Law of Thermodynamics states that, “During heat exchange heat is
neither created nor destroyed.” Thus calorimetry investigation employs the fact that heat lost by
one part of the system equals to the heat obtained by other part of the system if the system is
thermo insulated.
Calorimetry experiment can be either performed using constant pressure or a constant volume
method. The constant volume approach is traditionally used for measuring the heat of
combustion and is done with a bomb-type (constant-volume) calorimeter. In the Laboratory, you
will use the constant pressure (isobaric) calorimetry to determine Cp of different samples.

Dye-feeding assay of Tetrahymena, for studying the effects of cigarette smoke and E-cigarette liquid components on ciliary activity

Adapted from: Phagocytosis in Tetrahymena as an Experimental System to Study the Toxic Effects of Cigarette Smoke. Kenyon College, Biol 09; Smith, J.J., Wiley, E., Cassidy-Hanley, D.M. 2012. Tetrahymena in the Classroom. Methods in Cell Biology; Bozzone, D.M. and Martin, D.A. 2000. An Experimental System to Study Phagocytosis. www.ableweb.org.

Overview

Experiment Proposal assignment.

With input from your TA, you will design two experiments that test the effect of cigarette smoke and/or E-cigarette liquid components on the activity of Tetrahymena cilia. You will perform these experiments during the Project weeks, and then each member will prepare a Project Report based on the results.

Background

When hungry Tetrahymena encounter a food source such as bacteria, they use their cilia to sweep it toward the cytostome so that it can be ingested by phagocytosis. This process can be visualized in the laboratory by feeding stained yeast cells, India ink particles (Keenan, 1984; Bozzone, 1998), or the pigmented algae Chlorella to Tetrahymena.

We will be using India ink as Tetrahymena “food.” The vacuoles that form are full of black ink particles and therefore are easy to identify. The movement of the vacuoles inside the cell as new ones form can also be observed. If you are sufficiently patient, sometimes the vacuoles can be observed “voiding” their contents from the cytoproct into the extracellular space. In addition to phagocytosis, ciliary motion and swimming behaviors are easier to observe when Tetrahymena are suspended in a dilute ink suspension.

Overview of  Projects

As you have (hopefully) seen, Tetrahymena readily phagocytose ink particles. The number of vacuoles present is related to the amount of time the organisms are allowed to feed, provided the time interval is less than 30 minutes. After 30 minutes, cells begin expelling the residual contents of food vacuoles via the cytoproct. Phagocytosis can be used as a way of indirectly assaying the effects of various substances on ciliary activity, since this is required for entry of particles into the oral groove. If a substance added to Tetrahymena cells inhibits their ciliary motion, fewer food vacuoles will form over time since less ink will be ingested by the cells.

As we noted earlier, cilia are found on the surfaces of most cells in mammals. Motile cilia are found only on specialized cells, including those that line the respiratory tract. These cilia have a rhythmic beating pattern that allows them to clear the airways of mucus and debris. Non-motile (primary) cilia are found on the surface of almost all mammalian cells and function as signal receptors for relaying information. For example, primary cilia in the kidney bend in response to urine flow, which is transduced as a signal that allows flow to be adjusted via feedback loops.

Effects of extracts from cigarette smoke and E-cigarette liquid on food vacuole formation

Smoking cigarettes has a well-known negative effect on the health of cilia in the respiratory tract. Exposure to toxic chemicals and tar resin in smoke damages the cilia, inhibiting their ability to clear mucus and debris and prevent it from being trapped inside the lungs. Over time, the effects of reduced mucus clearance lead to “smoker’s cough,” and may progress to emphysema.

E-cigarettes are a relatively new invention that were designed to circumvent some of the negative health effects of smoking. The devices use a metal element to heat “e-liquid” containing nicotine, propylene glycol, glycerin, and flavorings. When the e-liquid is heated, an aerosol (vapor) is produced that can be inhaled, similar to smoke from a cigarette. Although E-cigarettes are commonly portrayed as being harmless, or a safer alternative to smoking, few studies have been done to test the effects of inhaling this vapor into the lungs. The vapor might contain toxins and metal contaminants produced during the heating of the liquid. Additionally, the flavoring compounds added to popular e-liquid brands have not been tested for ciliary toxicity.

In your  Project, you  will design and carry out an experiment to test the effects of cigarette smoke extracts and/or E-cigarette liquid on the ciliary activity of Tetrahymena. You will have the materials and experimental conditions listed below at your disposal. First, develop a hypothesis that you want to test, and then design an experiment to test this hypothesis. Discuss your ideas with your group, and then complete the first Experiment Proposal together.

1. COMPACTION TEST
1.1 Objective
To obtain the moisture content-dry density relationship for a soil and hence to determine
its maximum dry density (MDD) and optimum moisture content (OMC).
1.2 Introduction
Soil compaction is an economical method of soil improvement, and it is often used to
make ground suitable for the foundations of roads and buildings. It is also used in the
placing of soil fills and in the construction of earth dams to ensure suitable soil
properties. The compaction is normally achieved through the input of energy into the soil
by impact, kneading, vibration or static means.
The extent of compaction depends on the moisture content of the soil and the compactive
effort used. In a compaction test the object is to determine the optimum moisture content
and maximum dry density achievable with a given compactive effort. A plot of dry
density versus moisture content (Figure 1) indicates that compaction becomes more
efficient up to a certain moisture content, after which the efficiency decreases. The
maximum dry density is obtained at this optimum moisture content. If the compaction
process were completely efficient, it would be possible to expel the air from the voids, in
which case the dry density would correspond to a zero-air voids state (i.e. the sample
would be saturated with water). Since perfect compaction is not possible (except at high
moisture contents) the compaction curve will always fall below the ideal or zero-air voids
curve (Figure 1).
It should be noted that there are a number of standards for compaction tests, each
differing in the amount of energy input into compaction. For a given soil the different
tests will produce different maximum densities and optimum moisture contents (i.e. these
parameters are NOT soil properties). The maximum dry density and optimum moisture
content are only relevant for a specified compaction procedure which should be stated
when presenting the results.
In earthworks it is common to specify a dry density within a certain percentage of the
maximum determined from a specified compaction test. For this to be a sensible
procedure it is important that the compactive effort used in the laboratory is comparable
to that supplied by the field equipment.

1.3 Procedure
Record results of this test in Datasheet No 12 (attached).
1. Measure the mass of the mould (M1).
2. Take about 2.5 kg of the soil provided and make sure that it will pass through a No. 4
sieve. The demonstrator may require one group will carry out the Standard Proctor
Compaction test and the other group to carry out the Modified Proctor Compaction
test.
3. In the Standard Proctor test, the soil sample should be mixed with water and placed in
the standard mould provided in 3 approximately equal layers. Each layer is to be
compacted with 25 blows from a 2.5 kg compaction hammer.
4. In the Modified Proctor test, the soil should be compacted in the mould in
approximately 5 equal layers, each layer compacted with 25 blows from the 4.5 kg
hammer.
5. When the mould is full the soil sample should be trimmed and weighed (M2)
6. Determine the moisture content of the compacted soil. Weigh a glass or plastic
dish/can, then place a small amount of the soil into the dish/can and weigh again.
Record these in Datasheet 12.

7. Microwave the soil sample for about 2 minutes until the moisture is completely dried
out. If the soil is still moist, microwave for another 2 minutes to ensure that the
moisture is completely dry. Weigh the dish/can and dry soil record in Datasheet 12.
Compute the moisture content of the compacted soil.
8. Take at least two moisture content readings and the average of the results.
9. The volume of the mould is 1000 cm3
. Compute the bulk density of the compacted
sample.
10. Using the results in 9 and moisture content in 8, calculate the dry density of the
compacted soil.
11. Calculate the dry density at zero and 5% air voids and complete the results in
Datasheet 12. Assume that the specific gravity of the soil particles, Gs is 2.65.
Note:
12. Repeat steps 2 to 11 for a total of at least 4 levels of moisture content.
13. Plot the dry density versus moisture content for the Standard and Modified Proctor
tests. Also plot the zero and 5% air void lines on the same plot.

1.4 Reporting of Results
1. Complete the results of testing in Datasheet No 12.
2. Plot the dry density versus moisture content for the Standard and Modified Proctor
tests. Also plot the zero and 5% air void lines on the same plot. Assume Gs = 2.65.
3. Determine the maximum dry density (MDD) and optimum moisture content (OMC)
of the soil.
4. From the plots of the air void lines, estimate the amount of air voids at maximum dry
density.
5. Students MUST complete Tasks 1-4 above and present these to the demonstrator
before leaving the lab class.
6. A type-written report is to be submitted within one week of the practical class. The
report should be concise and include the following:
a) Objectives of experiment
b) Completed Datasheet No 12 and the results from 1-4 above
c) A description of the soil
d) A brief comment on the effects of increasing compactive effort on the MDD and
OMC of a soil.

Lab Report: Title of experiment, Date, Your Name (including partner’s name) The objective of the
experiment, Theory (In brief), Formulas, Apparatus & Diagram Data acquisition (original data
must be taken on your data table) Analysis (calculations, graph, percent error, etc.) find graph
examAnswer to question if any in the manual. Your report should be typed, the computer should
be used for a graph if needed, clean & clear writing Always use proper units

Required 

Write a lab report for an investigation of unknown value of resistance (1,200 words). Show your workings. Use the data provided and the lab guide to get more information.

Tensile Test of Metal Specimen Required

• Introduction
• Objective of the Experiment
• Procedure
• Results
• Discussion

Word count should be between 1,050 and 1,150. MLA style.

Measurement of Torque Experiment (Lab Report)

Required:

• Purpose
• Introduction
• Materials
• Procedure
• Results
• Discussion

This is a lab report for Physics class. The most important thing of this lab is the format of the
report:

Abstract,

Introduction,

Apparatus,

Procedure,

Data,

Calculations and Graphs,

Discussion of Results and Error Analysis, and

Conclusion.

Introduction and Theory:
Mechanical properties required in both the design and in the manufacturing.
• In design, mechanical properties such as elastic modulus and yield strength are important
in order to resist permanent deformation under applied stresses. Thus, the focus is on the
elastic properties.
• In manufacturing, the goal is to apply stresses that exceed the yield strength of the
material so as to deform it to the required shape. Thus, the focus is on the plastic
properties
Tensile testing:
• An axial force applied to a specimen of original length (Lo) elongates it, resulting in a
reduction in the cross-sectional area from Ao to A until fracture occurs.
• The load and change in length between two fixed points (gauge length) is recorded and
used to determine the stress-strain relationship.
• A similar procedure can be adopted with a sheet specimen.

Universal tensile mashine:
Also known as a universal tester, materials testing machine or materials test frame, is used
to test the tensile strength and compressive strength of materials. It is named after the fact that it
can perform many standard tensile and compression tests on materials, components, and
structures.

Tensile testing procedure:
• In order to conduct a tensile test, the proper specimen must be obtained. This specimen
should conform to ASTM standards for size and features. Prior to the test, the crosssectional
area may be calculated and a pre-determined gage length marked.
• The specimen is then loaded into a machine set up for tensile loads and placed in the
proper grippers. Once loaded, the machine can then be used to apply a steady, continuous
tensile load.
• Data is collected at pre-determined points or increments during the test. Depending on the
material and specimen being tested, data points may be more or less frequent. Data
include the applied load and change in gage length. The load is generally read from the
machine panel in pounds or kilograms.
• The change in gage length is determined using an extensometer. An extensometer is
firmly fixed to the machine or specimen and relates the amount of deformation or
deflection over the gage length during a test.
• While paying close attention to the readings, data points are collected (force and the
change in length) until the material starts to yield significantly. This can be seen when
deformation continues without having to increase the applied load. Once this begins, the
extensometer is removed and loading continued until failure. Ultimate tensile strength
and rupture strength can be calculated from this latter loading.
• Once data have been collected, the tensile stress developed and the resultant strain can be
calculated. Stress is calculated based on the applied load and cross-sectional area. Strain
is the change in length divided by the original length.
• Upon completion of the test, the sample is reassembled and final measurements for total
elongation and minimum diameter are made using a vernier caliper.

Discussion:
1- Plot stress strain curve of material A and material B. Specify which material has yield point
phenomenon and which one is without yield point and use 0.2% offset line to find the yield point
2- Find the following:
2.1-Yield strength of material A:
2.2- Yield strength of material B:
2.3- Elastic Modulus of material A and B:
2.4- Ultimate tensile strength of material A and B:
3- Calculate the maximum load and elongation if the original diameter and length are 9.11 mm
and 50.8 mm respectively:
4- Discuss the possible errors in this test. Explain what can be done to reduce and control the
error.