Archimedes Principle
Outline
- Introduction
- Materials
- Procedure
- Results
- Discussion
- Conclusion
Archimedes Principle
Outline
Laboratory
TENSILE TESTING
The objective of this test is to determine how different materials will react to forces being applied in tension.
A tensile test, also known as tension test, is probably the most fundamental type of mechanical test you can perform on material. Tensile tests are simple, relatively inexpensive. By pulling on a material, it will very quickly react to forces being applied in tension.
A complete tensile profile ( curve) will result showing how the material reacted to the forces being applied. Typical profiles for different materials are shown in Figure .1 Each material has a characteristic pattern of stress and strain. Important material data can be read from the stress-strain diagram.
σ It can be noticed that in the initial portion of the test, the relationship between the applied force, or load, and the elongation the specimen exhibits is linear. In this linear region, the line obeys the relationship defined as “Hooke’s Law” where the ratio of stress to strain is a constant,
E is the slope of the line in this region where stress (σ) is proportional to strain (ε) and is called the “Modulus of Elasticity” or “Young’s Modulus“.
Stress
The Stress is defined as the ratio of the force applied F (Newton N) to the cross sectional area A (mm2) of the material being tested
Strain
It is the ratio of the change in length to the original length Lo
Yield Strength
A value called “yield strength” of a material is defined as the stress applied to the material at which plastic deformation starts to occur while the material is loaded.
Offset Method
For some materials (e.g., metals and plastics), the departure from the linear elastic region cannot be easily identified. Therefore, an offset method to determine the yield strength of the material tested is allowed. An offset is specified as a % of strain (for metals, usually 0.2% and sometimes for plastics a value of 2% is used)..
Ultimate Tensile Strength
One of the properties that can be determined about a material is its ultimate tensile strength (UTS). This is the maximum load the specimen sustains during the test. The UTS may or may not equate to the strength at break. This all depends on what type of material you are testing. . .brittle, ductile, or a substance that even exhibits both properties.
3.Experimental Apparatus
Basically the specimen is placed between the gripping heads (6). The hand wheel is turned clockwise . Any increase in the load is read and recorded from the Load gage (3) . At the same time any increase in the material elongation read and recorded from the gauge for deformation displacement (5).
Samples Copper, steel, Aluminum, brass
All samples have the same dimension
4-Procedure:
Questions
Determination of Food Additives in a Beverage (Lab Report)
Format of a lab report
Determination Of Food Additives In A Beverage
OUTLINE OF EXPERIMENT
Many food additives absorb radiation in the ultraviolet and/or visible region of the spectrum. This absorbance can be used to determine the concentration of an additive in a sample using external calibration (Tutorial topics 2 & 3).
However, additives may occur together and the absorbance by one could interfere with the absorbance of another.
A prior separation stage is necessary and the additives are first separated by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) and then determined on-line using a UV and/or visible detector.
In this practical you will be analysing a beverage for the presence of four additives:
Tartrazine (yellow colouring)
Saccharin (artifical sweetener)
Vanillin (flavouring)
Caffeine (stimulant)
There are two stages to this practical:
AIMS OF THE EXPERIMENT
INTRODUCTION SECTION 20% – these are questions to be answered in the introduction – one whole page
RESULTS 25%
The yellow highlighted areas in the method section are supposed to be calculated – please show working out
Tabulate all of your results clearly. Include the absorbance spectra and the HPLC chromatograms (I have done that already). Make sure that all tables and figures are fully labelled. Cross reference from tables to figures (in discussion section) e.g. “the data given in Table 4 is shown graphically in Figure 2”.
DISCUSSION 30%
Questions that you could address in your discussion:
CONCLUSIONS
State these clearly
Effect of substrate concentration on enzyme activity
Write a lab report using the attached data comprising:
Background/Introduction
Aim of the experiment
Materials required
Methodology
Results
Discussion
Conclusion
References
Word length 2,750 max. Harvard style.
Effect of temperature concentration on enzyme activity (Biology Lab Report)
Write a lab report using the attached data comprising:
Background/Introduction
Aim of the experiment
Materials required
Methodology
Results
Discussion
Conclusion
References
Word length 2,750 max. Harvard style.
Effect of pH on enzyme activity (Biology Lab Report)
Write a lab report using the attached data comprising:
Background/Introduction
Aim of the experiment
Materials required
Methodology
Results
Discussion
Conclusion
References
Word length 2,750 max. Harvard style.
Effect of enzyme concentration on enzyme reaction
Write a lab report using the attached data comprising:
Background/Introduction
Aim of the experiment
Materials required
Methodology
Results
Discussion
Conclusion
References
Word length 2,750 max. Harvard style.
Effect of activators concentration on enzyme activity
Write a lab report using the attached data comprising:
Background/Introduction
Aim of the experiment
Materials required
Methodology
Results
Discussion
Conclusion
References
Word length 2,750 max. Harvard style.
To compare the tensile strengths, moduli of elasticity of cast irons and investigate their microstructure.
Measure the dimensions of the specimens and calculate the cross-sectional area. Specimens will be tested on the Tinius Olsen and Lloyds tensometers, which will produce graphs of load/extension. Calculate the ultimate tensile strengths and moduli of elasticity of the grey cast iron and Spheroidal graphite (SG) cast iron.
Several cast iron specimens will be available for microscopic examination. Sketch the structures, noting any phases present or observations. Label each drawing.
Follow normal laboratory rules.
Tensile Testing & Impact Lab Report (Steel, Aluminum, and Brass)
Format of the Lab Report
Your lab report should contain
In the experiment, cover:
Hounsfield Tensile Test
Measuring and modifying mechanical properties of matter
In the lab report, include:
Requirements
Maximum word count is 3,500. Format in Harvard style.
Use attached lab manual for more information.
Proposed Outline